Let’s have a look at the development of the throw-in law. The development of the laws can shape “what football expects.”
The key developments of the law are:
1863
- The throw-in is taken from where the ball crossed the touch line.
- The first player to reach the ball throws it in
- The ball is thrown (i.e. not dropped)
- The throw must be at right angles to the touchline
1866
- The thrower may not play the ball again until it has been played by another player
1871
- The ball must travel at least 6 yards
1877
- The ball could now be thrown in any direction. This was then explicitly stated in the laws until 1997.
1883
This was when the law introduced several new provisions which make it recognizable today. “The thrower, facing the field of play, shall hold the ball above his head and throw it with both hands.”
- “facing the field of play” outlaws a backwards throw over the head
- “held above the head” outlaws underarm throws
- “with both hands” means that the ball cannot be bowled, goalkeeper style, thus limiting the distance of the throw.
- The 6-yard stipulation was removed
1889
- The throw-in is now awarded to the opposite side to that which kicked it out.
1939
- The law was reworded slightly and the phrase “at the moment of delivering the ball” was first used. “The thrower shall deliver the ball … from over his head.”
1952
- There was no change to the law, but the following IFAB decision was recorded in the 1952 edition of the Universal Guide, a publication designed to bring uniformity to interpretation of the laws across the globe:
"Law 15 states that 'the thrower shall deliver the ball from over his head.' This implies that the throwing movement shall commence from a position over the head. Some officials have a mistaken impression that this phrase means that the ball must leave the hands when overhead. This is a physical impossibility unless the hands are checked in this position. A natural throwing movement starting from over the head will always result in the ball leaving the hands when they are some slight distance in front of the vertical plane of the body. A player satisfies the conditions of throwing if he starts the throw from over his head and the movement is continuous until the point of release."
- So this law has been generating controversy for at least 70 years! Unfortunately the decision does not clarify anything: is any point of release allowed, or is it limited to “some slight distance in front of … the body” and if so, how slight?
1965
- the law was amended, in line with the proposal of an IFAB Committee of Study, to “The thrower shall deliver the ball from behind and over his head” (my italics). I cannot find the reason why. Was it to ensure that the ball was not thrown downwards? Or possibly to make it quite clear that basketball-style throws (start with hands in front of the chest and extend them to a release point above the head) were not allowed?
Although the laws were re-written in 1997, the key parts of the text have since remained essentially the same.
Where does this leave us and is it important?!
Well, I think it is important. For whatever reason “football expects” and footballers certainly strongly and almost universally expect the ball not to be thrown obviously downwards whether or not the law clearly says this. The insistence in the Laws that the ball is thrown and not dropped, together with references to delivery from over the head, may have given rise to this expectation. Or not. How a throw is taken may in most cases be tactically irrelevant, but like a moving ball at a free kick it is visible to all and generates resentment if inconsistently applied. And as it is such a common restart with around 50 per match there are plenty of opportunities for inconsistency and thereby damage to match control.
The current law is badly written in that it can legitimately be read to mean either extreme: either the ball must be flicked from behind the head in which case it loops up in the air, or any release point is allowed even one that propels the ball directly downwards. IFAB acknowledged the problem 70 years ago but the law is still confusing, and is in need of clarification.
Please take this in the positive spirit in which it is intended, and let's see if we can suggest an improvement to refine and improve the law!